The Evolution of The Database Essay example - 847 Words

Intro People have been collecting information since the dawn of recorded history. Very shortly after we started recording we ran in to the problem of storage. Where do we put all of this information? We soon developed written languages so we could store our collected information. The next problem to arise was retrieval of our stored information. This led to the development of systems like the dewy decimal system. Organizing books by subject and author made information retrieval a little easier. However, it was computer that revolutionized information storage and retrieval. Thus the first databases where born. Flat File Flat file databases where the first of many database models, almost as old as the computer. Flat file databases†¦show more content†¦The network model allowed child tables to have more than one parent. This allowed for â€Å"many-to-many† connections and the creation of associative tables. Associative tables exist to support â€Å"many-to-many† relationships by being the recipient of two or more â€Å"one-to-many† relationships. The introduction of these different types of relationships was a huge leap forward in database design. However, the network model still suffered one of the flaws of its predecessors. Skilled programmers, to setup and operate the database, were still needed. Relational The relational database model is the current standard in data origination and retrieval. Like the network model relational databases connect tables by relationships. Associative tables are still used to express â€Å"many-to-many† relationships. There are two big changes in the relational model compared to the network model. The First big change is the use of logical pointers to show relationships. The network model used physical pointers to record relationships. These new pointers are called foreign keys. Each table in a database has a primary key field. This primary key is a unique identifier for each record in that table. When a â€Å"one-to-many† relationship is created, in a relational database, the parent table replicates its primary key as a foreign key in the child table. Associative tables will have many foreign keys, one for eachShow MoreRelatedThe Evolution of Databases596 Words   |  2 PagesDatabase: Throughout the history of information, human beings have shifted seemingly rapidly from the oral storytelling tradition, to manuscripts then printed books, filing systems, and databases. As part of the shift from paper-based to web-based, databases were developed and established to help in dealing with the problems associated with file-oriented systems. Notably, the development of these databases was brought by the re-evaluation of the tools and techniques for information managementRead MoreThe Evolution Of Database Management System1099 Words   |  5 PagesThe Evolution of DBMS A database management system, also known as DBMS, is a type of software that is used in order to create and manage a multitude of databases. Data is the power that runs most modern businesses. This specific program provides a technique for people to use a â€Å"systematic† way to create, retrieve, update, and manage many diverse types of data. DBMS is used to manage three important things, which is data, database engine, and database schema. These different elements help to provideRead MoreEvolution Of Database Management Systems2269 Words   |  10 PagesEVOLUTION OF DBMS 1.INTRODUCTION As technology is rapidly emerging and changing, organizations are quickly adapting to it, and with this technology and software advancement includes database management systems. 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In the 1900s databases began as â€Å"computer hard disks† and in 1965, after many other discoveries including voice recognition, â€Å"the US Government plans the world’s first data center to store 742 million tax returns and 175 million sets of fingerprints on magnetic tape.† The evolution of data andRead MoreQuestions On A Enterprise And Community Edition798 Words   |  4 Pagesto fine tune the data manipulation process. Kettle is an ETL tool, which modifies the concept of ETL (Extraction, Transformation, and Loading) to ETTL, which is:- †¢ Data Extraction from source databases. †¢ Transport of the data. †¢ Data Transformation. †¢ Loading of data into a data warehouse. Various databases are supported by Kettle ETL, they are as follows: †¢ Oracle †¢ MySQL †¢ MS Access †¢ IBM DB2 †¢ Sybase †¢ dBase †¢ MS SQL Server The main components are: †¢ Spoon – A graphical tool to create ETL processRead MoreComputer Is The Security And Reliability801 Words   |  4 Pagesabout hardware resources is the Database. A database can be simply defined as the information storing space of the computing device where the user data resides. The data can be of any kind like media files, documents, and software applications or even the Operating systems itself are accommodated in the database. This database can be remotely attached to the computing centers using secured communication channels. The major challenge one could find in remote databases is the security and reliabilityRead MoreReproduction, Symbiosis, And Eukaryotic Cell Essay1621 Words   |  7 Pagesendosymbiotic theory with the eukaryotic cell. Symbiosis are the relationships between organisms that can either harm or benefit themselves. And the topic of symbiosis brings questions to the table about evolution, individuality, and cooperation between the organisms, especially when the eukaryotic cell and the evolution of it is involved; however, before we delve into these questions it is important to operationally define reproduction. In this c ase reproduction has evolved over time into three forms of itself:Read MoreDarwin s Theory Of Evolution859 Words   |  4 Pagesthat Darwin’s theory has many holes the scientists are unable to fill. These holes are obvious in Dwain’s theory of evolution. Craig Belanger works for EBSCO Publishing he stated in his Biography of Charles Darwin, which was found on the TRC database under Book Collection Nonfiction: High School Edition Belanger said that, Although there are many facets to Darwin s theory of evolution by natural selection, at its core is the idea that a species ability to evolve is based on its natural selectionRead MoreDatabase Analysis : Database Management System1114 Words   |  5 Pagesto survey on database environment and development process. Database is an organized collection of logically related data. It consists of tables, queries, views and other objects. Database management system is a software system used for creating and managing databases. It is a collection of programs used to store, modify and extract information from database. It helps users and programmers for creating updating and managing the data in a systematic way. 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Alleviating Urban Blight Free Essays

Alleviating Urban Blight Mariah Beatty-Adams Kent School of Social Work University of Louisville Urban Blight in Louisville Louisville is known for internationally for the annual derby, that the upper-class and wealthy attend as a group for recreation, and entertainment. It is a time that economically, that the city is in its element. Millions of dollars are spent on derby paraphernalia, horse paraphernalia and alcohol for the masses. We will write a custom essay sample on Alleviating Urban Blight or any similar topic only for you Order Now The city is becomes a city that never sleeps. Patrons of the derby are attracted to the large three malls, the hustle and vibrancy of the â€Å"hipster† mini- town of Bardstown Rd. and are seen at all the touristic options throughout town; especially those that are directly related to our city’s most prized possession, Muhammad Ali. Although patrons are excited to learn about Muhammad’s hometown, no one frequents past 9th street, an area that is infamously known for crime, and drugs. West Louisville is an area of the city that is known for not only crime that is birth from the area, but also falling victim to urban blight, similar to other urban and inner city areas of large cities nationally and globally. According to the US Census, out of more than 5000 properties in the five neighborhoods that make up West Louisville, 22. 1% of the homes are vacant or abandoned. An area that used to thrive with African American businesses, and industrial powerhouses that were less than environmentally friendly, has fell victim to the counter- productive action of urban renewal. There are only a slew of fast food restaurants, and an even larger number of liquor stores; unfortunately leading to the area become a food desert. An area where residents cannot acquire the ideal nutrients that are set by the FDA that every person should digest to remain healthy and active. However minorities are often limited to processed package foods, due to their only being one grocery store in the area. The only businesses there are seen in the area are barbershops, beauty salons, payday loan businesses, and a handful of makeshift retail stores. Leaving several residents without means for an income, becoming even more impoverished. Out of the 61,251 people inhabiting West Louisville, on average 13. 4% are unemployed. This doesn’t take account the several workers who are underemployed, struggling to make ends meet in an area that is not known for upward mobility. A change must be brought to the area that does not have a negative impact on the inhabitants, but a solution that will bring in a sense of promise and change the lives of the people who live in the constant fear that their local government has truly forgot about. In the year of 1957, Louisville constituents voted on a $5 million urban renewal project. Urban renewal refers to the public efforts to bring life into the aging and decaying inner cities across that nation. The term was heavily used and introduced to cities following World War II. Unfortunately the path to urban renewal is too destroy what is deemed destructive. Several businesses and public housing homes were tore down leaving the inhabitants to fend for themselves and business owners on the streets with their dreams in stride. Instead of working with already strong foundations and beautiful architecture, these pieces of history were demolished, destroying the sense of community with the debris caused by destruction. Thrown up in the place of these businesses and homes, were new pieces of architecture, still leaving the cause of West Louisville’s blight unharmed. Ethical Analysis and Ideologies of Current Solution Urban renewal in Louisville embraces the private good over the well-being of the public. Similar to the theory presented in the analysis titled The Economics and Ethics of Private Property by Hans-Hermann Hoppe, where he goes even far as to describe in great detail the fallacies of the public good. Results of the destruction caused by urban renewal have shadows of the historical ideologies that our nation’s closed mind, white superiority foundation. Ideologies such as Individualism, Independence and the Protestant Work Ethic. Where the results have left the residents of the community on their own(individualism) The protestant work ethic is founded on the vision of wealth. â€Å"Hard work and wealth are signs of personal and moral worth† unfortunately minorities the west end work hard and have no wealth, nor anything to show for their work efforts. Those who are poor are considered as not having a proper or sufficient work ethic and are often considered inferior†. (Enoch,2012) When constituents are living in poverty and are feeling forgotten, you have not worried about those who are affected, or an ends to a mean. Nor did the urban renewal ordinance use funds to access the source of urban blight or the lack of income in the community. Unemployment and lack of economy of the area are the crooks behind the hundreds of desolate and abandoned homes all over the West end. Non- profit organizations, such as the Metropolitan Housing Coalition, struggle to combat urban decay; yet have not found viable and visual solutions to the social issue. Proposed Solution To combat the social issue of urban decay, we must educate the residents of the area, many residents who are unhappy with their environment; yet have not been given the voice to help create and foster change in their own community. For change to be truly progressive, the need for change must be truly felt by those who are affected. Education is a key source of change. We must hear and allow residents to speak up on the changes that they want to be seen, the problem with social issues are that the activists are often times people who are not living in the environment that they work to change. We have no idea what changes are truly needed from residents, and they may be unaware that the changes that they need to live are in fact available or tangible. With a united need for change, activists and groups such as MHC, need to work with residents to establish a sense of community. Areas throughout the west end and their inhabitants are often portrayed in the news and media as enemies, several people who grew up in neighboring areas are seen slain, both victims of death and self-hate. If we are working for the same change, how would that be tangible without a sense of unity? To establish education and also a sense of community, there needs to be monthly West End hall meetings, where Advisory boards from each of the five neighborhoods in West Louisville speak amongst each other and activists on the changes that need to be seen and together produce a set of actions to complete the changes needed. Also establish classes in simple do-it- yourself projects that could be done in abandoned homes to rebuild them together, and also throw park clean up parties to get rid of the trash and debris that are in the park and renovate parks that are deemed desolate. To get youth involved establish youth advisory boards, similar to Pact in Action, to speak on the changes they would see and provide the youth with the resources and voice needed for their educational career and changes. To nd the downward mobility that has only been available to several of the residents. Also coordinate neighborhood block parties and barbeques so it can be a sense of community that could not only be felt but seen by residents. To reestablish a flow of economy in the neighborhoods, and reduce the money going to fast food restaurants and liquor stores; have communities and neighborhoods raise money to purchase abandoned pieces of land that are full of garbage and debris, and turn them into a community garden. It would slowly but surely put an end to the food desert that the West has grown to be and reestablish healthy habits within the community. Every weekend there could be an organized farmer market between the neighborhoods where residents could sell the food they hand grew, and supplement a form of income in the several homes that are in need. Possibly establishing a shopping district, similar to the ones that were owned by African Americans in the 50’s and 60’s, to give residents a steady means of income. Instead of selling and advertising areas such as downtown, and east Louisville as business gems, sell west Louisville to possible business prospects by stating the cheap rent rates and the vast number of available lots and homes that can be â€Å"flipped†, instead of spending a fortune on new buildings and offices. Establish a working relationship with business prospects and the community to introduce prospective employees. Working relationships should be facilitated by the Council for a compassionate city, the mayor’s office, and also the governor’s office. The governor could benefit by acquiring skills and knowledge to produce the same action plans in cities in the state that are also victims of white flight and urban blight. To efficiently reduce and hopefully alleviate the social issue. Several people who have lived in the city of Louisville have not ventured past 9th street. I believe it is due to the 7th street connector and 9th street connector or â€Å"Great Wall of Louisville† as I affectionately refer to it. Which is constructed I’m sure was constructed at a time where city ordinances were processed to segregate African Americans from white neighborhoods and areas. As a suggestion from Louisville Mag, this construction needs to be demolished similar to the homes and businesses of the impoverished to allow the West End community and the other areas to not only allow economic growth but a sense of community that can lead to resources in the renovation of west Louisville. However in its opposite it is proposed that there is a connection from the water front and connectors from the west end. Possibly leading to shopping districts to the west end. Also provide access with two lane roads and to businesses. Ethical Analysis of Proposed Solution/ Theory These actions adopt both deontological theories and Rawlsian liberalism. Deontological theories believe that you do not harm individuals especially minorities; and is about moral obligations. Meaning it is based on the community as a whole and will not allow an individual to fall underneath the economical cracks. According to Rawlsian Liberalism, each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive basic liberty compatible with a similar liberty for others. (the Liberty Principle) Meaning every person should have the right to healthy food, and the basic necessities for living. Families in the area currently have a high rate of unemployment, and can’t acquire the things they need on the lack of income, or no income they have. With these plans the conditions of both will improve, may not be the first day but one day. Work Cited 1. moss, J. (2013, march 13). West of ninth. Louisville Magazine, Retrieved from http://loumag. epubxp. com/i/111400/30 2. Stemle, C. (2013, march 13) So close, but so far. Louisville Magazine, retrieved from http://loumag. epubxp. com 3. Jimenez, J. (2011). Social policy and social change. Long Beach: Sage publications. How to cite Alleviating Urban Blight, Papers

Abnormal Psychology History free essay sample

Abnormal psychology in clinical psychology studies the nature of psychopathology, its causes, and its treatments. Of course, the definition of what constitutes abnormal has varied across time and across cultures. Individuals also vary in what they regard as  normal  or abnormal behavior. In general, abnormal psychology can be described as an area of psychology that studies people who are consistently unable to adapt and function effectively in a variety of conditions.The four main contributing factors to how well an individual is able to adapt include their genetic makeup, physical condition, learning and reasoning, and socialization. HistoryThe history of how abnormal psychology, began with the research of the famous ancient Greek philosopher Plato in the fourth century B. C. During his time most believed that the strange behaviors and actions that psychologists study today were caused by evil spirits. Plato believed this to be false and spoke his ideas of these behaviors being caused by a natural madness, usually caused by a disease. We will write a custom essay sample on Abnormal Psychology History or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Unfortunately his words had no affect on the common people of his age. During the Dark Ages, the idea of the behaviors being caused by evil spirits escalated to the idea that people were being possessed by demons. Many people were exorcised by the churches or burned at the stake for possessing these demons. Over approximately one hundred thousand innocent people were killed for the same reasons by the Inquisition. It wasnt until early 19th century that the idea of evil spirits and demons was tossed aside, and the idea of these behaviors being caused by illnesses in the mind was finally embraced.Modern concepts of abnormality * Statistical abnormality   when a certain behaviour/characteristic is relevant to a low percentage of the population. However, this does not necessarily mean that such individuals are suffering from mental illness (for example, statistical abnormalities such as extreme wealth/attractiveness) * Psychometric abnormality   when a certain behaviour/characteristic differs from the populations normal dispersion e. g. having an IQ of 35 could be classified as abnormal, as the population average is 100.However, this does not specify a particular mental illness. * Deviant behaviour   this is not always a sign of mental illness, as it can occur without deviant behaviour, and such behaviour may occur in the absence of mental illness. * Combinations   including distress, dysfunction, distorted psychological processes, inappropriate responses in given situations and causing/risking harm to oneself. .[1]Approaches * Somatogenic   abnormality is seen as a result of biological disorders in the brain (Kraeplin, 1883).However, this approach has led to the development of radical biological treatments e. g. lobotomy. * Psychogenic   abnormality is caused by psychological problems. This has led to slightly bizarre treatments. Mesmer used to put his patients in a darkened room with music playing, then entered wearing a flamboyant outfit and pressed the infected body areas with a stick. It has also led to the development of hypnosis, psychoanalysis (Freud) and carthasis as psychological treatments, as well as humanism (Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow).